First Aid On Bite Wound

Bite wound cause by human, animal and insect may can make an infection. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats, but Cat bites are more likely to cause an infection. Bites from nonimmunized domestic animals and wild animals carry the risk of rabies, so it's necessary need a anti-rabies injection.

Insect bites if happened to the people with severe allergy to the insect's venom, it can be dangerous. Signs and symptoms of allergic reaction include swelling, redness or discoloration at the site of the bite, pain, itching, hives, decreased consciousness and difficult or noisy breathing.

Human bite sometimes more dangerous than others, because human saliva contains many bacteria may cause an infection. Anyhow, nursing interventions on the bite wound are you can see bellow :

Minor wounds, If the skin breaks and sure it's not danger for rabies. Wash the wound nicely, clean with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection then cover the wound with a clean bandage and dressing frequently

Deep wounds, If the bite is deep as puncture wound and the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with crepe bandage or clean and dry cloth to stop the bleeding and necessary see the doctor

Infection Wounds. If there is signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing on the bite wound area, see your doctor immediately

Suspected rabies. Bites from nonimmunized animals may can cause the rabies, better to see the doctor immediately.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR is a skills or technique used to compress the heart externally and breath to temporarily circulate oxygenated blood through the body of a person whose heart has stopped. CPR is early access in emergency situation, this is one of emergency medical services (EMS) action before ambulance or medical team arrive and defibrillator becomes available.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Time Line :
- 0 - 4 minutes brain damage unlikely
- 4 - 6 minutes brain damage posssible
- 6 - 10 minutes brain damage probable
- over 10 minutes probable brain death.

CPR may be do not save the victim even you already performed properly, but if CPR started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest & defibrillator available within 10 minutes we make a victim 40 % chance of survival. Clinical situation to perform CPR on victim with cardiac arrest cases we knew as clinical biological ( time 0-4-6) may we can safe the life, but up to 6 minutes may be we can but it may comes complication to the victim.

To learn about CPR you need to remember the A-B-C system. A (airway), B (breathing), C (Circulation). The most important step before doing CPR is call for help 9-1-1 (medical emergency staff or ambulance), this is depend on your country.

If you are alone with a victim, try to call for help as prior to perform CPR on adult and after a minute on a child. If there is someone with you, let him dial 911 immediatelly. Remember! don't leave the victim alone, don't try make the victim water, don't throw water on victim's face and don't prompt the victim into a sitting position.

CPR on Adult :

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Check responsiveness, gently shake the victim by ask him "are you OK?" but if you think the victim suspect of spinal or neck injury, do not move or shake him.

Airway. Suppose the victim is unconsious and unresponsive make sure that his airway clear from any obstructions.

Breathing. Look, listen and feel to check whether the victim breathing or no. If no breathing, give him two full breaths and allow his lungs chance to relax between each breath

Circulation. Check on his carotid artery to determine his heart beating or no, suppose no pulse you will have perform chest compressions.

Chest Compressions, after 2 breaths giving no sign of normal breathing start chest compressions 30 times (3 compressions every 2 second). Do this cycles four times (30 compressions and 2 breaths)then observe the victim for pulse and sign of consiousness. If still there is no pulse, continue performing CPR action and checking his pulse every 4 cycles until EMS team arrives.

First Aid Kit

First aid kit is some medical's equipment supplies that use in giving first aid, particularly in a medical emergency services.

First Aid Kit
First aid kit items are use depend on situation may happened inside your home or others places (during traveling), such as Bactine (or other antiseptic), plasters, sterile dressings set (cotton & gauze), crepe bandages, scissors, alcohol swap, instant cold pack, gloves, eyewash solution, eye pads, breathing barrier (CPR face shield), mask, antihistamine cream, ect.

First Aid on Bite Wound

Bite wound cause by human, animal and insect may can make an infection. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats, but Cat bites are more likely to cause an infection. Bites from nonimmunized domestic animals and wild animals carry the risk of rabies, so it's necessary need a anti-rabies injection.

Insect bites if happened to the people with severe allergy to the insect's venom, it can be dangerous. Signs and symptoms of allergic reaction include swelling, redness or discoloration at the site of the bite, pain, itching, hives, decreased consciousness and difficult or noisy breathing.

Human bite sometimes more dangerous than others, because human saliva contains many bacteria may cause an infection. Anyhow, nursing interventions on the bite wound are you can see bellow :

Minor wounds, If the skin breaks and sure it's not danger for rabies. Wash the wound nicely, clean with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection then cover the wound with a clean bandage and dressing frequently

Deep wounds, If the bite is deep as puncture wound and the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with crepe bandage or clean and dry cloth to stop the bleeding and necessary see the doctor

Infection Wounds. If there is signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing on the bite wound area, see your doctor immediately

Suspected rabies. Bites from nonimmunized animals may can cause the rabies, better to see the doctor immediately.

First Aid on Choking

First aid on choking really needed, because choking cuts off oxygen (O2)to the brain. Remember, if O2 is less or stop supplying to the brain more than 10 minutes probable can cause the victim death.

Choking occurs when a foreign body (food or small objects) becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. The person who get choking he will be panic, sudden inability to talk, gasp for breath, turn blue (Cyanosis, a blue coloring to the skin, can be seen earliest around the face, lips, and fingernail beds), and be unconscious. This is the reason why the victim needed quick first aid action to save his life.

The person can cough or speak, it's mean he or she is getting air. In an infant or baby when he get choking, attention must be paid to an infant's behavior (difficulty breathing and weak cry or weak cough or both) soon as possible give him first aid action.

First aid action on choking :

If choking is occurring and the person cannot cough or speak, begin to perform first aid action such as Heimlich maneuver (perform an abdominal thrust) immediately before calling 911 or local emergency number until the foreign body is expelled or the victim becomes unconscious.

If choking is happen to the pregnant or obese people, In theses case performing first aid with chest thrust may will help her.

If the airway clears and the person is still unresponsive, begin CPR as an emergency first aid procedure.

First Aid with Heimlich maneuver
Heimlich maneuver as the first aid action :
1. Choking occur when the person is sitting or standing

Stand behind the victim, Wrap your arms around the waist. Tip the person forward slightly.

Make a fist with one hand and place your fist, thumb side in, just below the person’s rib cage in the front

Grab your fist with your other hand. Press hard into the abdomen with four quick inward and upward thrusts such as if trying to lift the person up, repeat this several times until the obstructing object is coughed out.

2. First aid on the person lying down or unconscious

Straddle him or her and place the heel of your hand just above the waistline.

Place your other hand on top of this hand. Keeping your elbows straight, give four quick upward thrusts. Repeat until the blockage is dislodged.

What you will do if it is happen to you (choking) ? Place a fist slightly above your navel, grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a hard surface (a countertop or chair) will do and shove your fist inward and upward.

First Aid on Choking
Heimlich Maneuver on an Infant :

Place the infant face down across your forearm, and support the infant’s head with your hand. Give four forceful blows to the back with the heel of your hand, repeat this action until the obstructing object is coughed out.

If still does not help, turn the baby over. With two fingers one finger width below an imaginary line connecting the nipples, give four forceful thrusts to the chest to a depth of 1 inch.

Success with the first aid action, it's mean you save a life.

First Aid on Bruises

What is definition of bruises? A bruise is an area of skin discoloration caused by blood seeping under the skin after small blood vessels near the surface of the skin have been broken.

Bruises are usually caused by bumping into hard objects, banging yourself against something or being hit (falling) off something. The main sign and symptoms are pain, tenderness, change in colour of the skin (red, purple of black) and swelling.

There are three types of bruises:
1. Subcutaneous bruise (beneath the skin)
2. Intramuscular bruise (within the belly of the underlying muscle)
3. Periosteal bruise (bone bruise)

Bruises
Most bruises are will get better and healing on their own over a period of about ten days, but if a bruise result caused by an injury on the lower back, and blood is present in the urine, Get help immediately to the doctor or medical services center (hospital or polyclinic). This could indicate injury to the kidneys or other organs.

First aid on bruises treatment you can remember as R.I.C.E

R : Rest the injured part, do not overworking your muscles in bruise area.

I : Ice or cold pack on the bruise to reduce the swelling also relieve the pain for 30 to 60 minutes at a time for a day or two after the injury.

C : Compression bandaging, Wrap a bandage firmly round the bruise area, but not too tight.

E : Elevate the injured area, Keep the bruised area raised above the heart to helps keep blood from pooling in the bruised tissue.

Bruises case most often in the patients with platelet or coagulation disorders. If you find unexplained bruising, It's may be a warning sign of child abuse or serious medical problems, such as leukemia and meningoccocal infection. This is should be evaluated by a doctor. Deficiency of Vitamin C also will make a person more susceptible to bruises from impacts.

First aid on Cuts & Scrapes

Cuts and scrapes it's can be happen when someone doing his work. Small cuts and scrapes are often viewed as part of childhood and growing up.

Cuts may result slice the skin open, but scrapes will hurt you only on the top part of skin. Scrapes also can hurt more than cuts, but they heal quicker. You can treat most cuts and scrapes if it is as minor wound and don't require a trip to the emergency room. But you should get emergency care if you are bleeding a lot, or if you are hurt very badly.

The first and possibly most important step when treating minor cuts and scrapes is to thoroughly clean the wound with mild anti-bacterial soap and water being careful to remove any foreign material, such as dirt or bits of grass, that might be in the wound to avoid infection or other complications.

If cuts and scrapes happened to the people who have diabetes, other long-term illnesses such as cancer, or are taking drugs that suppress the immune system such as steroids (cortisone medications like prednisone and prednisolone) or chemotherapy, are more likely to develop a wound infection and should be seen by a health care professional.

These are guidelines may can help you to do the first aid action on the minor cuts and scrapes wound :

Calm the victim and let him/her know you can help

Stop the bleeding, apply pressure with a clean cloth or bandage for several minutes. If the blood spurts or continues to flow after continuous pressure, seek medical assistance

Wash your hands thoroughly

Wash the cut or scrape area with soap and water, but do not scrub the wound. Remove any dirt particles from that area and let the water from the faucet run over it for several minutes, If dirt or debris remains in the wound after washing, use tweezers cleaned with alcohol to remove the particles

Apply an antiseptic lotion or cream such as Neosporin or Polysporin to help keep the surface moist

Cover the area with an adhesive bandage or gauze pad. Bandages can help keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out, but after the wound has healed enough to make infection unlikely, exposure to the air will speed wound healing

Change the dressing at least daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty

See your doctor if the wound isn't healing or you notice any redness, drainage, warmth or swelling (signs of infection)